Processing Apparatus and Methods

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to processing apparatus and methods and in particular, but not exclusively, to an apparatus that may be used to process a wide variety of feed materials by one or more of milling or grinding, mixing, blending, separation, drying and sterilisation. In a preferred embodiment there is provided a feed material processing apparatus ( 1 ) comprising: a chamber ( 2 ); at least one inlet ( 4 ) in flow communication to an upper region of the chamber ( 2 ); a rotor ( 3 ) located within the chamber ( 2 ) that is rotatable about a substantially vertical axis by a rotation drive ( 11 ), wherein the rotor ( 3 ) promotes a circulatory flow of feed material and/or gas within the chamber ( 2 ); at least one outlet ( 5 ) in flow communication from a lower region of the chamber ( 2 ). Preferably the apparatus ( 1 ) comprises at least one feature located laterally on the rotor ( 3 ) to promote the circulatory flow.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to processing apparatus and methods and inparticular, but not exclusively, the invention relates to an apparatusthat may be used to process a wide variety of feed materials by one ormore of milling or grinding, mixing, blending, separation, drying andsterilisation. The invention specifically relates to particularprocesses that may be adopted in the processing of specified feedmaterials.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

There are a broad range of situations in which feed materials must beprocessed in manners resulting in their milling or grinding (terms usedherein interchangeably), mixing, blending, separation, drying andsterilisation. For example, many production processes require the use ofground, mixed, blended, dried or sterilised ingredient materials andindeed in recent times it has been recognised that physicalcharacteristics of materials may be advantageous or may in fact alteronce the materials are processed to a micro- or nano-particulatediameter. For example solubility, emulsification, colloid forming, lightdefraction or reflection and absorption properties of materials may beadvantageous if the materials are processed to a fine particulate form.For example, the use of a fine particulate form of zinc oxide allows thepreparation of transparent zinc oxide containing sun protection creamsand fine particulate forms of pharmaceutical agents may exhibit modifiedpharmacokinetic characteristics such as allowing dermal penetration ormore rapid absorption across the gastrointestinal tract.

It is also a focus in this era of increasing environmental concern tominimise the negative environmental impact of industrial andagricultural processes and it has now been demonstrated that processingof feed materials by milling, mixing, blending, separating, drying andsterilisation may provide opportunities to produce useful products ormaterials from waste materials that would otherwise have been discarded,burned or buried with the potential for a negative environmental impact.Adoption of processes such as these that result in what otherwise wouldbe considered as waste materials having some economic value are likelyto encourage commercial entities to be more responsible with their wastematerials.

Not only may milling, mixing, blending, separation, drying andsterilisation processes be of potential utility in waste management andproduction of fine particulate materials, but such processes may also beuseful in the production of powdered foodstuffs, food ingredients ornutritional supplements, production of cosmetics, toiletries andpharmaceuticals, recycling of various materials, paint and dye-stuffmanufacture, mineral refining and a broad range of other applications.

Commonly, processes for grinding or milling materials will also produceother process outcomes such as drying and separation, and if more thanone feed material is involved, additional outcomes such as mixing andblending may result.

A known form of processing by grinding involves use of a high velocityfluid, particularly air, in a fluid jet pulverising mill (which may alsobe known as a fluid energy mill) or an anvil mill, wherein particles ofa feed material are typically entrained in a vortex of the airstreamwithin a grinding chamber. Highly pressurised air is supplied into thegrinding chamber so as to form the vortex and the grinding of particlesof feed material is effected by the action of the airstream on theparticles and by abrasive contact of the particles with one another andwith the sides of the grinding chamber or anvils disposed therein.

In fluid energy or jet mills the autogenous pulverisation of particlesis driven by the supplied highly pressurised (that is, compressed) gasor air, and such mills are thus distinguished from hammer mills in whichthe pulverisation occurs by means of high speed rotating pulverisingelements or hammers. Thus fluid energy mills, in contrast to hammermills, do not include any moving parts. They do, however, involvesignificantly higher operating expense than hammer mills as the supplyof compressed air or gas is a highly expensive medium for supply ofenergy. Fluid energy mills are also characterised by high capital costsassociated with, for example, the required gas compressors, as well ashigh running and maintenance costs and a relatively low efficiency ofutilisation of the compressed gas to effect pulverisation. Known fluidenergy mills are typically in the range of ten times more expensive thanhammer mills with respect to the cost of ground product. Consequentlythe milling of only high value specialty products can justify the costsof utilising a fluid energy mill. The milling in fluid energy mills ofcommodity products such as coal, cement, minerals, building materials,recycled materials, biomass or waste from food manufacture or otherindustrial processes generally cannot be conducted at an economicallyviable cost.

An example of a fluid milling apparatus is disclosed in internationalpatent publication WO 00/56460 that relates to a device comprising anupper annular chamber into which feed material is introduced, and alower conical chamber. A high velocity vortex flow of compressed air isintroduced into the chamber, which gives rise to milling and drying of afeed material.

The present inventors have now devised a processing apparatus andmethods for processing feed materials that may offer certain advantagesrelative to earlier apparatus and methods, such as reduced capital andoperating costs and increased processing efficiency.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention there isprovided a feed material processing apparatus comprising:

-   -   a chamber;    -   at least one inlet in flow communication to an upper region of        the chamber;    -   a rotor located within the chamber that is rotatable about a        substantially vertical axis by a rotation drive, wherein the        rotor promotes a circulatory flow of feed material and/or gas        within the chamber;    -   at least one outlet in flow communication from a lower region of        the chamber.

Preferably the apparatus comprises at least one feature locatedlaterally on the rotor to promote the circulatory flow.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the chamber has asubstantially circular shape through its horizontal cross section.Preferably the rotor has a substantially circular gross shape throughits horizontal cross section and most preferably the rotor issubstantially cylindrical in gross shape. Preferably diameter of thechamber narrows towards a base thereof. Preferably the narrowing of thechamber results from angled side walls of the chamber.

In another embodiment a region of narrowed diameter is provided withinthe chamber towards a base thereof. Preferably the region of narroweddiameter results from presence of one or more screens or ledges withinthe chamber.

In another embodiment of the invention sides of the rotor are angled.

In further embodiments the chamber comprises either a substantially flatroof or a domed roof.

In a further embodiment of the invention an upper surface of the rotoris domed.

In a further embodiment of the invention an upper edge of the rotorand/or of the features located laterally on the rotor is/are bevelled.

In a still further embodiment an upper edge of the rotor and/or of thefeatures located laterally on the rotor is/are formed from or coatedwith wear resistant material. Preferably the wear resistant material isselected from hardened steel, carbon tungsten, zirconia and diamond.

In another embodiment diameter of the chamber increases at a basethereof.

In a still further embodiment one or more surfaces of the chamber, therotor and/or the features located laterally on the rotor (preferably anupper surface of the rotor) is/are coated with non-stick material.Preferably the non-stick material is selected from non-stick polymer,Teflon™ and titanium compounds.

In a further aspect of the invention the apparatus comprises outlets atvarying vertical positions of the chamber to allow removal from thechamber of feed material particles of graded size or mass.

In another embodiment of the invention the apparatus comprises at leastone recirculation circuit between an outlet and an inlet to allow returnof feed material from a lower region to an upper region of the chamber.

In another embodiment of the invention the at least one inlet comprisesa closure and/or a variable aperture. In a further embodiment of theinvention the at least one outlet comprises a closure and/or a variableaperture.

In a still further embodiment of the invention the apparatus comprises aledge, shelf or screen within the chamber adjacent to the at least oneoutlet to direct feed material particles to the outlet and/or to promotegrading of feed material particle size or mass.

In a further embodiment of the invention the apparatus comprises a ledgeor shelf within the chamber in association with the at least one inlet,onto which feed material can initially be directed.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the at least one feature on alateral surface of the rotor comprises at least one projection and/ordepression. In one embodiment of the invention the at least onedepression comprises at least one substantially vertical groove ortrough.

In another embodiment the at least one projection comprises at least onespike and/or nodule. Preferably a plurality of spikes and/or nodulesform at least one substantially vertical row of spikes and/or nodules.In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention the at least oneprojection comprises at least one substantially vertical bar or blade.

According to a still further embodiment of the invention the distancebetween the rotor and side walls of the chamber is substantiallyconsistent along the rotor. In another embodiment distance between therotor and side walls of the chamber decreases towards a base of thechamber.

According to a still further embodiment of the present invention theapparatus comprises at least one projection on an upper and/or lowersurface of the rotor. In one embodiment the projection on the upper orlower surface of the rotor is at least one spike and/or nodule andpreferably a plurality of spikes and/or nodules form at least one rowradiating from a centre to a periphery of the upper and/or lowersurface.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the at least one projectionon the upper or lower surface of the rotor comprises at least one bar orblade radiating from a centre to a periphery of the upper and/or lowersurface.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the rotation drive comprisesa motor driveably engaged to a drive shaft that is in turn drivablyengaged to the rotor through a substantially central vertical axisthereof. In a further embodiment the apparatus comprises a positivepressure scroll within the chamber in association with the drive shaftto substantially prevent ingress of feed material to drive shaftassociated bearings.

Preferably the motor is a variable speed electric motor.

In one embodiment of the invention the drive shaft enters the chamberfrom above. In another embodiment the drive shaft enters the chamberfrom below, and in this case an inlet is preferably locatedsubstantially centrally within a roof of the chamber. Preferably anupper surface of the rotor comprises a substantially centrally locatedrecess for receiving feed material from the substantially centrallylocated inlet.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the at least one outlet is inflow communication with one or more elements selected from a cyclonicextractor, filter, a bag house, a gas collector and a condenser.Preferably the elements are configured in a manner allowing recovery ofone or more of processed feed material, condensed water, condensed oils,gasses and heat. Preferably the apparatus is thermally insulated tominimise heat loss during operation.

In another preferred embodiment the apparatus comprises a heat exchangerto control processing temperature.

In another embodiment of the invention the at least one inlet isconfigured to allow control of gasses entering the chamber.

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention there isprovided a milling apparatus comprising:

-   -   a chamber;    -   at least one inlet in flow communication to an upper region of        the chamber, wherein at least one said inlet is located        substantially centrally within a roof of the chamber;    -   a rotor located within the chamber that is rotatable about a        substantially vertical axis by a rotation drive comprising a        motor drivably engaged to a drive shaft that is in turn drivably        engaged to the rotor, wherein the drive shaft enters the chamber        from below;    -   at least one feature located laterally on the rotor to promote a        circulatory flow of feed material and/or gas within the chamber;    -   at least one outlet in flow communication from a lower region of        the chamber.

According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention thereis provided a method of processing a feed material comprising:

-   -   introducing the feed material into a chamber of a processing        apparatus through at least one inlet that is in flow        communication to an upper region of the chamber;    -   imparting a circulatory flow upon the feed material within the        chamber by rotation about a substantially vertical axis;    -   recovering processed feed material through at least one outlet        that is in flow communication from a lower region of the        chamber;    -   wherein the feed material is processed by undergoing at least        one of milling, mixing, blending, separation, drying and        sterilisation.

Preferably the rotor comprises at least one laterally locatedcirculatory flow promoting feature.

Preferably the feed material comprises one or more of plant, animal ormicroorganism derived feed materials, waste materials, water requiringpurification or solid material that is to be milled to produce agranulated or powdered product.

According to another embodiment of the present invention there isprovided a method of producing a powdered, granulated and/or dried food,food ingredient or nutritional supplement comprising:

-   -   introducing a plant, animal or microorganism derived feed        material into a chamber of a processing apparatus through at        least one inlet that is in flow communication to an upper region        of the chamber;    -   imparting a circulatory flow upon the feed material within the        chamber by rotation about a substantially vertical axis of a        rotor;    -   recovering a powdered, granulated or dried food, food ingredient        or nutritional supplement through at least one outlet that is in        flow communication from a lower region of the chamber.

Preferably the rotor comprises at least one laterally locatedcirculatory flow promoting feature.

Preferably the plant derived feed material comprises sap, wood, plantleaves, seeds, roots, shoots, stems, branches, bark, fruit, nuts and/orcomponents thereof. Preferably the animal derived feed materialcomprises meat, offal, eggs, milk, blood, skin, hair, fur, shell and/orcomponents thereof. Preferably the microorganism derived feed materialcomprises bacteria or fungi, components thereof or products therefrom.

In another preferred embodiment the plant or animal derived feedmaterial comprises one or more by-products from food or beverageprocessing or production, such as by-products are from fermentation,brewing, culturing, baking, cooking or food ingredient processing.

According to another embodiment of the invention there is provided amethod of processing a waste material comprising:

-   -   introducing the waste material into a chamber of a processing        apparatus through at least one inlet that is in flow        communication to an upper region of the chamber;    -   imparting a circulatory flow upon the waste material within the        chamber by rotation about a substantially vertical axis of a        rotor;    -   recovering the processed waste material through at least one        outlet that is in flow communication from a lower region of the        chamber;    -   wherein the waste material is processed by undergoing at least        one of milling, mixing, blending, separation, drying and        sterilisation.

Preferably the rotor comprises at least one laterally locatedcirculatory flow promoting feature.

Preferably, the waste material comprises treated or untreated sewerage,animal manure, paper, glass, offal, animal skin, shell, fur, hair orfeathers, cementations material, rock, bitumen, hydrocarbon material,plastics, polymers, oils or fats or a by-product from mineral processingor extraction.

According to a further embodiment of the present invention there isprovided a method for water purification comprising:

-   -   introducing water to be purified into a chamber of a processing        apparatus through at least one inlet that is in flow        communication to an upper region of the chamber;    -   imparting a circulatory flow upon the water to be purified        within the chamber by rotation about a substantially vertical        axis of a rotor;    -   separately recovering impurities and substantially purified        water that have exited the chamber through at least one outlet        that is in flow communication from a lower region of the        chamber.

Preferably the rotor comprises at least one laterally locatedcirculatory flow promoting feature.

Preferably the water to be purified is sea water.

According to another preferred embodiment of the invention there isprovided a method of milling a solid feed material to produce agranulated or powdered material, comprising:

-   -   introducing the feed material into a chamber of a processing        apparatus through at least one inlet that is in flow        communication to an upper region of the chamber;    -   imparting a circulatory flow upon the feed material within the        chamber by rotation about a substantially vertical axis of a        rotor;    -   recovering a granulated or powdered material through at least        one outlet that is in flow communication from a lower region of        the chamber.

Preferably the rotor comprises at least one laterally locatedcirculatory flow promoting feature.

Preferably the solid feed material is glass, wood, grain husks or chaff,concrete, rock, bitumen, plastics, polymer material or minerals.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The present invention will be described further and by way of exampleonly, with reference to the figures, wherein:

FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of the processing apparatus;

FIG. 2 shows a diagrammatic cut away side view of a chamber of theinvention with flat roof and top located rotation drive:

FIG. 3 shows a diagrammatic cut away side view of a chamber of theinvention with domed roof, bottom located rotation drive and bevelledrotor/feature upper edges;

FIG. 4 shows a diagrammatic cut away side view of a chamber of theinvention with domed roof, bottom located rotation drive and recessedcentrally located upper rotor surface;

FIG. 5 shows a diagrammatic cut away side view of a chamber of theinvention with domed roof, bottom located rotation drive and domed upperrotor surface;

FIG. 6 shows a partial diagrammatic cut away side view of a chamber ofthe invention with domed roof, narrowing side walls of chamber and rotorand chamber side walls that widen in diameter at the base.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless thecontext requires otherwise, the word “comprise”, and variations such as“comprises” and “comprising”, will be understood to imply the inclusionof a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not theexclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps.

The reference to any prior art in this specification is not, and shouldnot be taken as, an acknowledgment or any form of suggestion that thatprior art forms part of the common general knowledge in Australia.

In one broad aspect of the invention there is provided a feed materialprocessing apparatus which comprises a chamber having at least one inletthat is in flow communication to an upper region of the chamber and arotor located within the chamber that is rotatable about a substantiallyvertical axis, by a rotation drive. Preferably there is also provided ona lateral surface of the rotor at least one feature that promotes acirculatory flow of feed material and/or gas within the chamber, and atleast one outlet that is in flow communication from a lower region ofthe chamber.

The present inventors have demonstrated that an apparatus of this typecan be used to process a broad variety of feed materials such as bymilling, mixing, blending, separation, drying and/or sterilisation.Throughout this specification and claims these processing outcomes willbe referred to under the general description of “processing” or“processes”.

Without wishing to be bound by theory it is believed by the presentinventors that the processing capabilities demonstrated by the apparatusof the invention result from subjecting the feed material within thechamber to a circulating flow, with the result that discreet units ofthe feed material are subjected to repeated collisions with otherdiscreet units and with interior surfaces of the chamber and rotor.Furthermore, however, discreet units of the feed material are believednot only to travel in a circulatory flow, but that these discrete unitsdevelop an orbital rotation, with the result that the discreet units offeed material have a high kinetic energy so that collisions of discreetfeed material units involve sufficient energy to break chemical bonds ofthe feed materials, with the result that the feed material is ground ormilled to a particulate form in a highly efficient and rapid manner.Furthermore, by virtue of the centrifugal force to which feed particlesare subjected, larger particles are distributed towards the chamber wallin the course of their circulatory flow and are more rapidly driventoward a lower region of the chamber than smaller particles. Theseparticle path characteristics allow the possibility of controlling orgrading particle size (in terms of size and/or mass) of the processedmaterial.

It is also believed that as a result of the circulatory flow of feedmaterial collisions between discreet units or particles do not give riseto undue disruption to particle flow direction, enabling energy withinthe processing system to be maintained and processing to be extremelyrapid. Although temperatures of feed materials may be elevated to highlevels during processing, the feed materials are exposed to these hightemperatures for only brief time periods. Without wishing to be bound bytheory it is believed that this characteristic has the result that whilethe temperatures (if not otherwise controlled) may be sufficient toallow sterilisation by rupturing of living cells to inactivate bacteriaor other microorganisms, the limited time of exposure to elevatedtemperature is generally not sufficient to degrade unstable chemicalcompounds within the feed materials.

In view of this explanation of the principles in operation duringprocessing using the apparatus of the present invention it can readilybe seen that the processing that may be conducted utilising theapparatus includes milling, mixing, blending, separation, drying andsterilisation of feed material. In this context “feed material” is usedgenerally to refer to the wide variety of materials that may besubjected to processing utilising the invention. These feed materialsmay take a variety of physical forms including solids and liquids,slurries, suspensions and solutions. Some specific, non-exhaustive,examples of feed materials that may be processed according to theinvention include plant or animal derived feed materials such as plantsap, leaves, wood, seeds, roots, shoots, stems, branches, bark, fruit,nuts and/or components thereof; animal meat, blood, offal (includinganimal internal organs and bone), skin, membrane, shell, fur, hair,feathers and/or components thereof; waste materials such as treated oruntreated sewerage, animal manure, paper, glass, cementations material,rock, bitumen, hydrocarbon material, plastics, polymers, oils or fatsand by-products from mineral processing and extraction; water requiringpurification such as contaminated water resulting from industrial orcleaning processes, or salty ground or sea water or grey water fromhousehold use. The feed materials may also include solid materials suchas glass, wood, grain husks or chaff, concrete, rock, bitumen, plasticsor polymer material that is to be milled to produce a granulated orpowdered product.

Some specific areas in which the apparatus and methods of the inventionare applicable include: the production of powdered material from fruitor fruit pulp or from other plant material (e.g. wheat grass) that maybe used as a food or nutritional supplement; the processing of poultryindustry by-products such as milling and drying manure to form apowdered material that may be used in production of fertiliser,conversion of meat into meat flour, separation of membrane from egg toproduce a cartilage powder and calcium carbonate powder and processingof animal carcasses (not only poultry) to produce powdered nutrientsource that may be used in fertiliser; grinding, drying to powder andoptional mixing of animal feed materials such as cut grasses or straw,corn stems, whey, algae, sea-weed etc.; grinding and extraction ofethanol, water, pigments and/or organic compounds (e.g. resveratrol andother plant secondary metabolites) from grape marque (waste product fromwine production); grinding, sterilization and drying of by-products frombeer fermentation to produce yeast extract; grinding, sterilization anddrying of food ingredients (eg. peanuts, yeast, eggs) for use in foodproduction or to use as dehydrated foodstuffs for subsequentrehydration; drying and grinding of pumice; grinding of mineral dross(e.g. from aluminium smelting) to produce powder or granular materialthat may be useful in production of ceramics; drying and grinding ofwood chips or shavings to wood powder; grinding to powder of rice husksfor silicon extraction; granulation of polystyrene pieces to smallballs; drying and grinding of coal and the de-salination of sea water,for example.

By “milling” it is intended to mean that a grinding process takes placeto reduce particle size of the feed material. Solid feed materials maybe introduced into the apparatus in large chunks or fragments thatthrough repeated collisions are fractured to much smaller particle size.For example, the material produced through this grinding or millingprocess may have average particle size (diameter) of between about 100nm to about 10 mm, preferably between about 1 μm to about 1 mm and mostpreferably between about 5 μm to about 100 μm, although particle sizemay be varied in a controlled fashion either within or outside theseranges, as will be further discussed below.

In view of the relatively high temperatures that are generated duringprocessing, the apparatus will cause vaporisation of volatile agentssuch as water, alcohols such as ethanol, volatile oils or other organiccompounds, which can be collected following processing. As a result, thepresent apparatus can also be used for drying or dehydration of feedmaterials. Similarly, agents within the feed material may be separatedfrom other agents within the material by virtue of differing physicalproperties such as phase transition temperatures, solubility, charge,relative particle size magnetic properties for example.

Furthermore, when two or more feed materials are processed the apparatusmay be utilised to effect mixing or blending. Also, in view of the hightemperatures during processing the apparatus can be used to effectsterilisation of feed materials. This is of particular relevance in thecase of plant or animal derived matter where it may be desirable inorder to produce a food or pharmaceutical grade product, to increasestorage life, to minimise degradation or to substantially eliminateodours associated with a material, to eliminate or substantially reducemicrobial activity within the material.

In the course of processing it may be desirable depending upon theintended product to operate the process with air being introduced intothe apparatus, to control the nature of gas introduced (such asconducting processing in a nitrogen, oxygen or other gas atmosphere) orto operate the processing under a vacuum or partial vacuum condition.For example, in the case of readily oxidisable feed materials it may bedesirable to conduct the processing in a nitrogen atmosphere. This canreadily be achieved utilising the invention, as will be discussedfurther below.

As shown in FIG. 1 the processing apparatus 1 of the invention comprisesa chamber 2 containing a rotor 3, at least one inlet 4 and at least oneoutlet 5. The chamber itself may take a variety of configurations, butin view of the need to house the rotatable rotor it is desirable thatthe chamber has a circular horizontal cross sectional shape. While inone embodiment the chamber may be cylindrical in shape with roof 6, base7 and side 8 walls it is also possible, for example, for the chamber totaper either to a point or to a base 7 or mid-point that is narrower indiameter than the roof 6. A tapering side wall 8 a is for exampledepicted in FIG. 6. In still further embodiments there may be, or mayalso be, a region 26 at the base of the chamber where the diameter ofthe chamber widens. A widening region 26, formed by a widening side wall8 b, is also shown in FIG. 6. This widening region 26 can be useful indiscriminating between processed or partially processed particles ofdiffering diameter and/or mass, by having outlets 4 at differing heightsof this widening region 26.

The chamber 2, the rotor 3 and other major chamber components willpreferably be formed of a hard and high temperature tolerant materialsuch as steel or preferably hardened steel or other metal alloys orceramic material. In view of elevated operating temperatures it isdesirable that components of the apparatus that must interact duringoperation are compatible in that they exhibit similar thermal expansionproperties and that they can readily be joined, fused or fixed asnecessary. In one preferred embodiment there is provided heating orcooling features in conjunction with the roof 6, base 7 and/or side 8walls. For example such heating or cooling features (eg. heat exchanger)may comprise channels or chambers located within or external to thewalls, adapted to contain a heating or cooling fluid, which ispreferably in fluid communication with a fluid reservoir, thetemperature of which is maintained or altered by conventional heating orcooling techniques. The heating or cooling fluid may for examplecomprise air, gas (e.g. hydrofluorocarbon gas), oil or water. In asimilar manner the heat exchanger can comprise a jacket (such as a waterjacket) containing a cooling fluid that may be placed over or around theapparatus to effect transfer of heat away from the apparatus duringoperation and thus maintain the operating temperature at a controlledlevel.

The roof 6, base 7 and side walls 8 of the chamber 2 may be formed ormoulded by a variety of known techniques and may comprise a single unitor may be formed from a number of component parts that are either fusedor preferably removably fastenable to form the chamber 2. In onepreferred embodiment the side wall 8 comprises a unitary component thatis then fixed or releasably fastened to a separate roof 6 and base 7.For example fixing of the components that together form the chamber 2may be by welding, and releasable fastening of components may beeffected using bolts, clamps, clips or other suitable releasablefastening mechanisms. A gasket or gaskets that will tolerate operationaltemperatures may be utilised to ensure optimal sealing betweencomponents.

The at least one inlet 4 to the chamber 2 comprises an opening into anupper region of the chamber 2. By “upper region” it is intended to meanthat the at least one inlet 4 is located above the at least one outlet5. Preferably the at least one inlet 4 is located to allow introductionof feed material into the chamber 2 into an upper third of the chamber2, and preferably such that the feed material can be introduced abovethe rotor 3. Similarly, the at least one outlet 5 is located to allowremoval of material from a lower region of the chamber 2. In thiscontext the term “lower region” is intended to convey that it is locatedbelow the at least one inlet 4, and preferably within a lower third ofthe chamber 2.

There may be a plurality of inlets 4 provided. For example, there may beprovided dedicated inlets 4 for differing feed materials such as forsolid and liquid feed materials or for gas that is to be drawn into thechamber 2 during processing, such that by operating closures or variableapertures associated with these inlets 4 the amount or relative amountsof feed materials and gas introduced into the chamber 2 may becontrolled.

A plurality of outlets 5 may also be provided and they may for examplebe positioned at varying heights of the side wall 8 of the chamber 2 orat positions of varying radial displacement in the base 7 of the chamber2. Adoption of several outlets 5 in varying positions will enableremoval of processed or partially processed feed material at a varietyof processing stages or particle sizes and/or masses. In an importantpreferred embodiment of the invention at least one of the outlets 5forms, in conjunction with at least one of the inlets 4, a recirculationcircuit 9, allowing processed or partially processed feed material to beremoved from a lower region of the chamber 2 and returned to an upperregion of the chamber 2, for further processing. For example tubing orpipes that may be releasably fixed about the inlets 4 and/or outlets 5may allow for flow communication of feed materials or processed orpartially processed material from the outlets 5 to the inlets 4 of therecirculation circuit 9.

In order to direct processed or partially processed feed materialtowards the at least one outlet 5 and/or to assist or promote in thegrading of processed or partially processed feed material by particlesize and/or mass, there is provided in one embodiment of the invention aledge, shelf or screen 15 adjacent to or in association with one or moreof the outlets 5. The ledge, shelf or screen 15 may be located andconfigured in such a manner to deflect circulating feed particlestowards a particular outlet 5 or may operate by establishing a lowpressure zone within the chamber 2 in the vicinity in the outlet 5 tothereby draw processed or partially processed feed material towards andinto the outlet 5. The intention of the ledge, shelf or screen 15 isthat coarse material will remain in the grinding zone above the ledge,shelf or screen 15 for further processing as only lighter material willpass below this point due to the increased centrifugal force to whichheavier particles are subject. Width of the ledge, shelf or screen 15can be varied to alter the size/mass of particles passing into the lowerregion of the chamber.

In another aspect of the invention a ledge or shelf (not shown) isprovided within the chamber 2 in association or adjacent to at least oneof the inlets 4, onto which feed material introduced into the chamber 2is initially directed. The benefit of providing a ledge or shelf inassociation with the inlets 4 is to allow acceleration of feed materialwithin the chamber 2 before the feed material contacts the upper surface10 of the rotor 3. This has the effect of minimising both energy lossassociated with introduction of feed material into the chamber 2 andminimising wear and tear on the upper surface 10 of the rotor 3.

Within the chamber 2 a rotor 3 is provided that is rotatable about asubstantially vertical axis by a rotation drive 11. The rotor 3 can takea variety of configurations, although it is a preferred aspect of theinvention that at least one feature is located laterally on the rotor topromote a circulatory flow of feed material and/or gas within thechamber 2. For example, in one embodiment the rotor 3 has a squarehorizontal cross sectional shape such that the features promotingcirculatory flow are the corners of this square shape, which whenrotating impart a force upon contents of the chamber 2. More commonly,however, the rotor 3 is configured with a substantially circularhorizontal cross sectional shape in the form of a cylinder, conicalsection (see FIG. 6) or cone, but with features provided laterally onthe rotor 3 to promote circulatory flow. For example, however, the rotor3 can also have a horizontal cross section with two or more radiatinglimbs (not shown), such as opposing limbs at 180°, three limbs spaced at120°, four limbs spaced at 90°, five limbs spaced at 72°, six limbsspaced at 60°, eight limbs spaced at 45°, ten limbs spaced at 36° ortwelve limbs spaced at 30°, for example. Preferably such limbs areevenly spaced, as exemplified above, to ensure balance and stabilityduring rotation. The limbs mentioned in this aspect of the invention maycomprise substantially vertically located planar pieces of materialfused or connected at or adjacent to a central axis of the rotor.Preferably rotation of the rotor 3 is about a substantially verticalaxis such that the force of gravity may be utilised in conjunction withthe centrifugal force developed through rotation of the rotor 3, todiscriminate between processed or partially processed material on thebasis of particle mass. Assuming the particles are of the same densitythen particle mass will be directly proportional to particle size.

In other aspects of the invention the feature located laterally on therotor 3 to promote a circulatory flow within the chamber 2 takes theform of at least one projection and/or depression. For example, wherethe feature comprises at least one depression, this may tale the form ofone or more grooves or troughs (not shown) within a lateral surface ofthe rotor 3, that may for example be substantially vertical or coaxialwith the axis of rotation of the rotor 3 or may, for example, have ahelical or spiralling configuration. In other embodiments of theinvention the feature can comprise at least one spike and/or nodule (notshown) and preferably a plurality of spikes and/or nodules form at leastone row of spikes and/or nodules, that may similarly be substantiallyvertically located on a lateral surface of the rotor 3, or may have ahelical or spiralling configuration. In another embodiment of theinvention the feature may comprise at least one bar 13 or blade (notshown) that projects laterally from the rotor 3 and is preferablyvertical or coaxial with the axis of rotation of the rotor 3, but mayalso, for example, take a curved shape that is spiralling or helical inconfiguration. In the case of the feature comprising at least one row ofspikes and/or nodules or a bar 13 or blade, the rotor may be providedwith one to many rows, bars 13 or blades, such as 1 to 50, preferably 2to 20, more preferably 4 to 10 and most preferably 5 to 8 rows, bars 13or blades, depending upon the scale of the apparatus 1 and the size ofthe rotor 3.

In another embodiment of the invention the upper surface 10 and/or lowersurface 12 of the rotor 3 is/are provided with at least one projection(not shown) such as at least one spike and/or nodule, row of spikesand/or nodules or bar or blade, which in the case of rows of spikesand/or nodules and bars and blades are configured to radiate from thesubstantially central axis of rotation of the rotor 3. Such projectionson upper 10 and/or lower 12 surfaces of the rotor 3 will serve to assistestablishment of a circulatory flow within the chamber and may, in thecase of projections on the upper surface of the rotor 3, assist indirecting feed material introduced into the chamber 2 to the peripheryof the chamber 2 during processing.

It should also be understood that relative dimensions of the rotor 3such as height or depth of lateral features; presence, absence anddimensions of upper or lower projections, vertical height of the rotor 3itself; and spacing between the lateral edge of the rotor 3 and the sidewall 8 of the chamber, may be varied depending upon the desired outcomeof feed material processing. Such variability will influence particlesize processing time, operational temperature, drying, mixing, blending,sterilising and separating efficiency and energy consumption, forexample. These and other aspects of apparatus 1 configuration canreadily be optimised by skilled persons based upon the intendedprocessing outcome or outcomes.

A rotation drive 11 is provided to rotate the rotor 3 about asubstantially vertical axis. The rotation drive 11 comprises a motor 19that is drivably engaged to a drive shaft 20 that is in turn drivablyengaged to the rotor 3 through its substantially vertical axis. Forexample, the motor 19 may comprise a variable speed electric motor,although other types of motors are equally envisaged. The drive shaft 20may constitute an axle that is fixed or releasably locked substantiallyvertically through the centre of the rotor 3, with the axle being drivenby the motor via a belt 27, chain or the like, for example. The driveshaft 20 may penetrate through the roof 6 and/or base 7 of the chamberdepending upon whether the motor or motors 19 are located above and/orbelow the chamber 2. Preferably the motor 19 is located below thechamber 2 and the drive shaft enters the chamber 2 from below, thusallowing an inlet 4 to be located substantially centrally within theroof 6 of the chamber 2. In this way the air curtain effect upon feedmaterial introduced into the chamber 2 is minimised. In the situationwhere the inlet 4 is located substantially centrally within the roof 6of the chamber 2 there may be a depression 21 (see FIG. 4) locatedsubstantially centrally within the upper surface 10 of the rotor 3, intowhich feed material will initially be deposited upon being introducedthrough the inlet 4.

The roof 6 of the chamber 2 may, for example be flat as shown in FIG. 2or domed 6 a as shown in FIGS. 3 to 6. In the case of a domed roof 6 ait may be desirable to provide upper edges of the rotor 3 and/or of thefeature/s located laterally on the rotor that are bevelled, preferablyso that the bevelled edges 22 (as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4) have a profilethat corresponds to the profile of the domed roof 6 a. The upper surface10 of the rotor 3 may also be domed 10 a, as shown in FIG. 5, or angled,preferably also having a profile that corresponds to that of the roof6,6 a. It may also be appropriate for particular regions of the rotor 3or side wall 8 to be formed from, or coated with, a hardened materialsuch as hardened steel, carbon tungsten, zirconia, diamond or the like.An example of this is depicted in FIG. 6 where an upper corner 23 of abar 13 located laterally on the rotor 3 is shown as being coated with ahardened material. It is of course possible, depending on the nature ofthe processing being conducted, the type of feed material and the set upof the apparatus 1 for other regions to be coated with, or formed from,hardened material. For example the features that promote circulatoryflow and/or heavy wear regions of the rotor 3 and/or the chamber 2 sidewalls 8 can be coated or formed from hardened material.

Also depending on the nature of the processing being conducted, the typeof feed material and the set up of the apparatus 1 it may be appropriateto form or coat particular regions of the rotor 3 and/or chamber 2 sidewalls 8, roof 6 and/or base 7 with a non-stick material, such as anon-stick polymer (for example, polyethylene or polypropylene), anon-stick titanium compound such as a titanium carbide or titaniumdioxide, Teflon™ or other conventional non-stick materials to minimisesticking of feed material to components of the apparatus 1.

A clutch may also be conveniently provided to allow disengagement of themotor from the drive shaft, particularly to avoid damage to theapparatus 1 in the case where rotation of the rotor 3 is restricted, orjamming occurs. In conjunction with the rotor 3 a positive pressurescroll 24 (see FIG. 2) or similar device may also be provided tosubstantially prevent feed material or processed or partially processedfeed material entering the housing of the drive shaft or associatedbearings.

For further processing of materials following their exit from thechamber via the at least one outlet 5, at least one of the outlets 5 maybe configured in flow communication with further elements such as acyclonic extractor 14, filter (not shown), a bag house 16, a gascollector 17 and a condenser 18, which may for example be connected insequence or in series, depending upon the desired processing product.Preferably all elements of the apparatus 1 including the chamber 2 arethermally insulated to minimise heat loss during processing andpreferably the elements are configured in a manner to allow recovery ofprocessed material, liquid, gas and heat. In a preferred embodiment ofthe invention the gas utilised during processing can be controlled inboth type and amount so that processing may be conducted underconditions of a vacuum or partial vacuum, in air or in specified gaseousatmospheres, such as for example under nitrogen in the situation wherethe presence of oxygen may give rise to degradation of materials beingprocessed. Preferably also, gasses recovered from the outlet 5 andthrough any additional processing elements employed can be captured andrecirculated through the inlets 4, such that the system is operated in aclosed environment without, or at least with minimal, release of gas tothe environment.

Another feature of the operation of the apparatus 1 that may readily beoptimised depending upon the nature of the feed material to be processedis the speed of rotation of the rotor 3. As a general rule increasedrotor 3 rotation speeds will give rise to shorter processing times,greater heat generation and therefore drying efficiency. Increased rotor3 rotation speeds will also result in reduced average particle size ofproduct material. For example, the rotor 3 may operate at speeds betweenabout 200 km/hr and about 1,200 km/hr, preferably at speeds betweenabout 300 km/hr and about 1,000 km/hr and most preferably at speedsbetween about 500 km/hr and about 850 km/hr.

In operation of the apparatus 1 the feed material is introduced into thechamber 2 through an inlet 4. Feed material introduced onto an uppersurface 10 of the rotor 3 is accelerated by rotation of the rotor andtransferred to a lateral region of the chamber 2 by centrifugal force.The feed material is then set in its circulatory flow, with discreetunits of the feed material having an orbital rotation applied thereto.As earlier discussed, processing feed material takes place by virtue ofcollisions of discrete units of the feed material with other discreteunits and with the side wall 8 of the chamber 2 and the bars 13 thatproject laterally from the rotor 3, if present. Higher mass and/orlarger diameter particles within the circulatory flow established in thechamber 2 tend to be located higher in the chamber 2 and towards theside wall 8 whereas smaller, lower mass particles are located lower inthe chamber 2 and further inwardly from the side wall 8, due to thepresence of the screen 15 that narrows the chamber 2 diameter in a lowerregion thereof. An outlet 5 located in a lower region of the chamber 2is in flow communication with an inlet 4 to form a recirculation circuit9 allowing removal from a lower region of the chamber 2 of largerparticulate matter or incompletely processed feed material, which isreintroduced to an upper region of the chamber 2 for further processing.Completely processed feed material is able to exit the chamber 2 throughother outlets 5 and may then be further processed in other elements ofthe apparatus 1 such as a cyclonic extractor 14, a bag house 16, a gascollector 17 and condenser 18, each of which is in flow communication.Warm dry air that has passed through these elements may then be returnedto an inlet 4 via a communication 25 for re-use.

Processing of feed materials of specific types such as plant or animalderived feed material, waste materials, water requiring purification orsolid feed materials may be achieved under operating conditionsoptimised in respect of the desired product.

The invention will now be described further with reference to thefollowing non-limiting examples:

EXAMPLES Example 1 Processing of Grape Marque

Grape marque constitutes the remnants left after the juice has beensqueezed for the wine making process. The grape marque contains seeds,skin and remnants of flesh as well as some small percentage of juicethat has not been squeezed. The grape marque has in the past presentedmany problems in that it is a waste product and generally there is acost in finding a suitable means for disposal of this material.

There are many valuable products within grape marque, which aregenerally costly to separate. For example, the seeds contain oil but toextract the oil the seeds need to be subjected to a complicatedseparation process. There are also compounds within the marque includingsecondary metabolites such as resveratrol that may have medicinalproperties, such as for treating cancer or protecting against heartdisease. There are food-colouring and flavouring agents within themarque, all of which require expensive extraction processes.

By utilising the apparatus of the invention it is possible to improvethe processing of grape marque. The marque can then be processed byconventional means, except that the extracts are more easily removedbecause of the improved pulverisation associated with this technology.Conventional processes require the grape marque to be processed withinseven days because of the rapid decomposition of the material due to ahigh water content. Using this technology removes the water to below 4%where the bacterial activity is reduced and the material can be storedsuch that extraction of useful materials can be conducted over a muchlonger period of time. This technology helps to capture many of thevaluable components within the marque and turn them into a profitableseries of products or product ingredients, such as active compounds andextracts, vinegar, health wine, cooking wine, cosmetics, nutrientsupplements and grape seed oil.

Running the marque through the apparatus of the invention results inseparation of the alcohol and water whilst at the same time pulverizingthe entire solids in the marque, including the seeds. By crushing theseeds the oils are released and can be collected or left in with thegrape marque residue (it is important to note that the grape seed oiloxidises quickly once the seed is opened and this can give rise tospoiling of the marque residue if the process is delayed).

Health wines or vinegars can be produced by mixing the extracts from themarque (or must) after processing according to the invention.

This processing of wine marque offers an important breakthrough as itovercomes a significant environmental waste problem associated with thewine industry, at the same time as producing a profit centre.

In carrying out this process it is preferred to grind the wet grapemarque to a fine powder without undue heating of the material (ie.maintaining temperature of the chamber contents between about 30 and 80degrees C., preferably between about 35 and 50 degrees C., at the sametime separating out the alcohol and water in such a way thatsubstantially all of the liquid is retained and collected. This isachieved by running the marque through the apparatus of the inventionwherein the rotor is spun preferably at above two hundred miles perhour, and more preferably at 500 miles per hour or more.

This processing causes the material to break down into fine particles,which along with vaporised moisture exit the machine and are separatedin a separator consisting of two or more pressure sealed containers thefirst of which is a vortex separator with material entering the sideport at a tangential angle, and with the material exiting through asimilar diameter exit hole in the centre of the lid to the containerwhich has part of the exit tube descending into the space in the drum. Arelatively dry solid product is distributed in the first drum and thesteam including the alcohol is transported to the second drum. Thesecond drum has a filter bag mounted into the lid and the steam ascendsthrough this bag ensuring that very little solid matter escapes with thesteam. The steam is then caught in a tube and is condensed andcollected. The dry air may be returned through the inlet along with newgrape marque, which assists to conserve heat and minimise loss ofmaterial to the atmosphere. Alternatively it is possible to removemoisture and fine particles from the air with the use of a scrubber andor a reverse cycle air conditioner before returning the dry air to themachine.

The remnant must has value as a skin treatment because it is so fine andhas such great surface area that it provides a vehicle for facilitatingabsorption of agents across the skin. This material can therefore beincorporated in skin treatment creams. It is ideal for this material tobe below 100 micron and preferably below 30 micron in diameter. It ispreferred to reduce water content of the must below 5% moisture andpreferably below 3% moisture.

Example 2 Processing of Poultry Manure

Poultry manure has been widely recognised as providing a useful nutrientsource to promote plant growth. Normally the manure contains about 60%moisture when it is collected from the chicken house. It is preferred toreduce that moisture content as soon as possible to minimise bacterialactivity in the manure. Once the moisture is removed the product ispreserved to a major extent. Wet manure produces a very strong odour andis unpleasant if stored in a public area.

When the manure is processed using the apparatus of the invention, thematerial is both ground and dried simultaneously to result in a productthat can be stored for long period in sealed bags. When this material issubsequently exposed to water a liquid manure product useful as afertiliser is produced, the sediment of which can be separated. Thefertiliser is suitable to be diluted and dispensed through mostirrigation and spraying systems.

Samples of manure processed with the apparatus of the invention whenoperating at 50 hz produced a material with particle diameter below 100micron, with an average particle diameter of around 50 micron and amoisture content below 1.5% moisture.

Example 3 Processing of Pumice

Pumice is an aerated volcanic glass that is pozzolanic and can be usedas a cement additive to produce high strength concrete if the materialis ground to particles of average diameter preferably below 10 micron.

Grinding in the apparatus according to the invention cost effectivelydries and grinds the pumice in a single step. A sample of pumice pieceswas ground at 50 hz to produce a product having particle diameter ofunder 7 micron, with an average particle diameter of 2 micron and amoisture level below 1%, which was suitable for use as a cementadditive.

Example 4 Production of Wholemeal Bread Flour from Whole Wheat

Several experiments were conducted on the production of wholemeal breadflour from whole wheat. The first experiment utilised an arrangement ofthe inventive apparatus where the gap at the side of the chamber betweenthe lateral surface of the rotor and the chamber side wall was 12 mm. Inthis case the apparatus was operated 40 Hz and a water jacket heatexchanger was utilised to maintain the contents of the chamber atapproximately 40° C. during processing. A very fine and evenly dispersedflour was produced having particle sizes in the range of approximately50-80 μm. Unlike conventional wholemeal flour larger and darker colouredparticles of flour were not present.

In a second experiment an arrangement of the apparatus was utilisedwhere the gap between the lateral surface of the rotor and the side wallof the chamber was 4.5 mm. The apparatus was operated at 32-35 Hz, againutilising a water jacket to maintain the temperature of the processedfeed material at approximately 40° C. A wholemeal flour comprising fineand evenly dispersed particle sizes was produced, with particles havingdiameters in the range of 50-80 μm.

Example 5 Production of Cake Flour from Coarse White Bread Flour

Using a feed material of coarse white bread flour with particle sizes inthe range of 60-100 μm fine cake flour was produced by processing withthe apparatus according to the invention. The apparatus was operated at50 Hz, using an embodiment where the gap between the lateral edge of therotor and the side wall of the chamber was 12 mm. Temperature was notcontrolled and was thus in the range of 90-115° C. The resulting cakeflour was very fine with evenly dispersed particle diameters less than12 μm, and averaging 5 μm.

In view of the relatively high processing temperature glutens within theflour were destroyed and starch content was modified, thus making theproduct especially suitable for baking of cakes.

Example 6 Processing of Fresh Rosemary to Produce Dried Herb

Rosemary leaves and small twigs were stripped away from branches andprocessed utilising the apparatus according to the invention. Theapparatus was operated at 50 Hz using a water jacket to maintainprocessing temperature at approximately 40° C. The product produced wasa fine bright green coloured powder, having moisture content ofapproximately 2.5%. The powder retained its aromatic odour and wasuseful for flavouring floods.

Example 7 Production of Peanut Butter

A commercially available peanut butter blend comprising cooked peanuts,salt, sugar and rice flour was processed using the apparatus accordingto the invention. The apparatus was operated at 50 Hz, while maintainingprocessing temperature at approximately 80° C. by slowing the rotorspeed when the processing temperature rose above this threshold. Theproduct produced was a liquid state peanut butter of the consistency ofwarm treacle, which when left to cool to room temperature took on thecharacter of a finely ground peanut butter product.

In a second experiment quantities of salt, sugar, rice flour and cookedpeanuts were separately processed using the apparatus of the invention,under the same conditions as mentioned above. The separate products,each having average particle sizes of approximately 5 μm were thenrecombined in the apparatus under the same conditions. By initiallyprocessing the ingredients separately it was possible to eliminate thebuffering effect of oils upon the grinding process to thus achievesmaller particle sizes than when processing was conducted incombination. The product produced was an extremely finely ground peanutbutter.

Example 8 Production of Insulating Material from Waste Paper and/or Wool

Shredded newspaper was processed using the apparatus of the inventionoperating at 30 Hz, but maintaining temperature at approximately 80° C.by slowing the rotation speed of the rotor if the temperature exceededthis threshold. Processing in this manner produced extremely fine paperfibres in the form of a fluff, which may be used as an insulationmaterial.

In a similar manner leg crutchings from merino sheep that had previouslybeen washed in a conventional manner to remove dirt and most oils werefed into the apparatus according to the invention as tufts. Theresulting product was an extremely fine fibre fluff, which had tanglesand knots present within the original feed material removed. Wool tuftsand shredded newspaper were also processed together under the sameconditions, to produce fine fibre fluff useful as insulating material.The resulting combination fluff product was harder to compress thanindividual wool or paper fluff produced using the apparatus.

Feathers obtained from an abattoir were also processed under the sameconditions to produce very fine dry fibres.

Example 9 Processing of Brewery Yeast Waste

Experiments were conducted utilising as feed material a yeast wasteobtained from a commercial brewery. When processed at temperatures of40-80° C. and rotor speeds of 25-35 Hz, water was removed from the yeastwaste without damaging the yeast cells. The product is equivalent to afreeze dried yeast product, which upon rehydration can be reused as theyeast cells remain viable.

In a second experiment processing of the yeast waste was conducted atapproximately 50 Hz and without temperature control (ie. temperatures of90-120° C.), with the result that yeast cells were ruptured, to thusbecome inactive. This approach provides a useful means of deactivatingyeast waste for disposal.

It is to be understood that the present invention has been described byway of example only and that modifications and/or alterations theretothat would be obvious to a person skilled in the art based upon thedisclosure herein are also considered to fall within the scope andspirit of the invention.

1. A feed material processing apparatus comprising: a chamber having asubstantially circular horizontal cross sectional shape; at least oneinlet in flow communication to an upper region of the chamber; a singlerotor having a substantially circular gross cross sectional shapelocated within the chamber that is rotatable at speeds of between about200 km/hr and about 1200 km/hr about a substantially vertical axis by arotation drive, wherein at least one vertically oriented feature or rowof features located laterally on the rotor promotes a circulatory flowof feed material and/or gas within the chamber; at least one outlet inflow communication from a lower region of the chamber.
 2. The apparatusaccording to claim 1 wherein the rotor is substantially cylindrical ingross shape.
 3. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein diameter ofthe chamber narrows towards a base thereof.
 4. The apparatus accordingto claim 3 wherein said narrowing diameter results from angled sidewalls of said chamber.
 5. The apparatus according to claim 4 wherein thesides of said rotor are angled.
 6. The apparatus according to claim 1,wherein a region of narrowed diameter is provided within the chambertowards the base thereof.
 7. The apparatus according to claim 6 whereinthe said region of narrowed diameter results from presence of one ormore screens or ledges within said chamber.
 8. The apparatus accordingto claim 1, wherein said chamber comprises a substantially flat roof. 9.The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said chamber comprises adomed roof.
 10. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein an upperedge of said rotor and/or said feature/s located laterally on said rotoris/are bevelled.
 11. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein anupper edge of said rotor and/or of said features located laterally onsaid rotor is/are formed from or coated with wear resistant material.12. The apparatus according to claim 11 wherein said wear resistantmaterial is selected from hardened steel, carbon tungsten, zirconia anddiamond.
 13. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein diameter ofsaid chamber increases at a base thereof.
 14. The apparatus according toclaim 1, wherein one or more surfaces of said chamber, said rotor and/orsaid features located laterally on said rotor is/are coated withnon-stick material.
 15. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein anupper surface of said rotor is coated with a non-stick material.
 16. Theapparatus according to claim 14 wherein the non-stick material isselected from non-stick polymer, non-stick titanium compound or Teflon™.17. The apparatus according to claim 1 comprising outlets at varyingvertical positions of the chamber to allow removal from the chamber offeed material particles of graded size or mass.
 18. The apparatusaccording to claim 1 comprising at least one recirculation circuitbetween an outlet and an inlet to allow return of feed material from alower region to an upper region of the chamber.
 19. The apparatusaccording to claim 1, wherein the at least one inlet comprises a closureand/or a variable aperture.
 20. The apparatus according to claim 1,wherein the at least one outlet comprises a closure and/or a variableaperture.
 21. The apparatus according to claim 1 comprising a ledge,shelf or screen within the chamber adjacent to the at least one outletto direct feed material particles to the outlet and/or to promotegrading of feed material particle size or mass.
 22. The apparatusaccording to claim 1 comprising a ledge or shelf within the chamber inassociation with the at least one inlet, onto which feed material caninitially be directed.
 23. The apparatus according to claim 1 whereinthe feature located laterally on the rotor comprises at least oneprojection and/or depression.
 24. The apparatus according to claim 23wherein the at least one depression comprises at least one substantiallyvertical groove or trough.
 25. The apparatus according to claim 23wherein the at least one projection comprises at least one substantiallyvertical row of spikes and nodules.
 26. The apparatus according to claim23 wherein the at least one projection comprises at least onesubstantially vertical bar or blade.
 27. The apparatus according toclaim 1, wherein distance between said rotor and side walls of saidchamber is substantially consistent along said rotor.
 28. The apparatusaccording to claim 1, wherein distance between said rotor and side wallsof said chamber decreases towards a base of said chamber.
 29. Theapparatus according to claim 1 comprising at least one projection on anupper and/or lower surface of the rotor.
 30. The apparatus according toclaim 29 wherein said at least one projection on an upper and/or lowersurface of the rotor is at least one spike and/or nodule.
 31. Theapparatus according to claim 30 wherein a plurality of spikes and/ornodules form at least one row radiating from a centre to a periphery ofthe upper and/or lower surface.
 32. The apparatus according to claim 1,wherein the rotation drive comprises a motor driveably engaged to adrive shaft that is in turn driveably engaged to the rotor through asubstantially vertical central axis thereof.
 33. The apparatus accordingto claim 32 comprising a positive pressure scroll within the chamber inassociation with the drive shaft to substantially prevent ingress offeed material to drive shaft associated bearings.
 34. The apparatusaccording to claim 32 wherein the motor is a variable speed electricmotor.
 35. The apparatus according to claim 31 wherein the drive shaftenters the chamber from above.
 36. The apparatus according to claim 31wherein the drive shaft enters the chamber from below.
 37. The apparatusaccording to claim 36 wherein an inlet is located substantiallycentrally within a roof of the chamber.
 38. The apparatus according toclaim 36 wherein an upper surface of the rotor comprises a substantiallycentrally located recess for receiving feed material from thesubstantially centrally located inlet.
 39. The apparatus according toclaim 1, wherein at least one outlet is in flow communication with oneor more of a cyclonic extractor, a filter, a baghouse, a gas collectorand a condenser.
 40. The apparatus according to claim 1, comprisingthermal insulation to minimise or reduce heat loss during operation or aheat exchanger to control processing temperature.
 41. The apparatusaccording to claim 1, wherein the at least one inlet is configured toallow control of gases entering the chamber.
 42. A milling apparatuscomprising: a chamber having a substantially circular horizontal crosssectional shape; at least one inlet in flow communication to an upperregion of the chamber, wherein at least one said inlet is locatedsubstantially centrally within a roof of the chamber; a single rotorhaving a substantially circular gross cross sectional shape locatedwithin the chamber that is rotatable at speeds of between about 200km/hr and about 1200 km/hr about a substantially vertical axis by arotation drive comprising a motor driveably engaged to a drive shaftthat is in turn driveably engaged to the rotor, wherein the drive shaftenters the chamber from below; at least one vertically oriented featureor row of features located laterally on the rotor to promote acirculatory flow of feed material and/or gas within the chamber; atleast one outlet in flow communication from a lower region of thechamber.
 43. A method of processing a feed material comprising:introducing the feed material into a chamber having a substantiallycircular gross cross sectional shape of a processing apparatus throughat least one inlet that is in flow communication to an upper region ofthe chamber; imparting a circulatory flow on the feed material withinthe chamber by rotation at speeds of between about 200 km/hr and about1200 km/hr about a substantially vertical axis of a single rotor havingat least one vertically oriented feature or row of features locatedlaterally thereon that promote circulatory flow; recovering processedfeed materials through at least one outlet that is in flow communicationfrom a lower region of the chamber; wherein the feed material isprocessed by undergoing at least one of milling, mixing, blending,separation, drying and sterilisation.
 44. A method according to claim42, wherein the feed material comprises one or more of plant, animal ormicroorganism derived feed materials, waste materials, water requiringpurification or solid material that is to be milled to produce agranulated or powdered product.
 45. A method of producing a powdered,granulated and/or dried food, food ingredient or nutritional supplementcomprising: introducing a plant, animal or microorganism derived feedmaterial into a chamber having a substantially circular gross crosssectional shape of a processing apparatus through at least one inletthat is in flow communication to an upper region of the chamber;imparting a circulatory flow on the feed material within the chamber byrotation at speeds of between about 200 km/hr and about 1200 km/hr abouta substantially vertical axis of a single rotor having at least onevertically oriented feature or row of features located laterally thereonthat promote circulatory flow; recovering a powdered, granulated ordried food, food ingredient or nutritional supplement through at leastone outlet that is in flow communication from a lower region of thechamber.
 46. The method according to claim 45 wherein the plant derivedfeed material comprises sap, wood, plant, leaves, seeds, roots, shoots,stems, branches, bark, fruit, nuts and/or components thereof.
 47. Themethod according to claim 45 wherein the animal derived feed materialcomprises meat, offal, eggs; milk, blood, skin, hair, fur, shell and/orcomponents thereof.
 48. The method according to claim 45 wherein themicroorganism derived feed material comprises bacteria or fungi,components thereof or products therefrom.
 49. The method according toclaim 45 wherein the plant, animal or microorganism derived feedmaterial comprises one or more by-products from food or beverageprocessing or production.
 50. The process according to claim 49 whereinthe by-products are from fermentation, brewing, culturing, baking,cooking or food ingredient processing.
 51. A method of processing awaste material comprising: introducing a waste material into a chamberhaving a substantially circular gross cross sectional shape of aprocessing apparatus through at least one inlet that is in flowcommunication to an upper region of the chamber; imparting a circulatoryflow on the waste material within the chamber by rotation at speeds ofbetween about 200 km/hr and about 1200 km/hr about a substantiallyvertical axis of a single rotor having at least one vertically orientedfeature or row of features located laterally thereon that promotecirculatory flow; recovering processed waste material through at leastone outlet that is in flow communication from a lower region of thechamber; wherein the waste material is processed by undergoing at leastone of milling, mixing, blending, separation, drying and sterilisation.52. The method according to claim 51 wherein the waste materialcomprises treated or untreated sewerage, animal manure, paper, glass,offal, animal skin, shell, fur, hair or feathers, cementatious material,rock, bitumen, hydrocarbon material, plastics, polymers, oils or fats ora by-product from mineral processing or extraction.
 53. A method forwater purification comprising: introducing water to be purified into achamber having a substantially circular gross cross sectional shape of aprocessing apparatus through at least one inlet that is in flowcommunication to an upper region of the chamber; imparting a circulatoryflow on the water to be purified within the chamber by rotation atspeeds of between about 200 km/hr and about 1200 km/hr about asubstantially vertical axis of a single rotor having at least onevertically oriented feature or row of features located laterally thereonthat promote circulatory flow; separately recovering impurities andsubstantially purified water that have exited the chamber through atleast one outlet that is flow communication from a lower region of thechamber.
 54. The method according to claim 53 wherein the water to bepurified is sea water.
 55. A method of milling a solid feed material toproduce a granulated or powdered material, comprising: introducing thefeed material into a chamber having a substantially circular gross crosssectional shape of a processing apparatus through at least one inletthat is in flow communication to an upper region of the chamber;imparting a circulatory flow on the feed material within the chamber byrotation at speeds of between about 200 km/hr and about 1200 km/hr abouta substantially vertical axis of a single rotor having at least onevertically oriented feature or row of features located laterally thereonthat promote circulatory flow; recovering a granulated or powderedmaterial through at least one outlet that is in flow communication froma lower region of the chamber.
 56. The method according to claim 55wherein the solid feed material is glass, wood, grain, husks or chaff,concrete, rock, bitumen, plastics, polymer material or minerals.